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<title>Unconditional surrender</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unconditional surrender</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Unconditional_surrender_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Unconditional surrender (disambiguation)">Unconditional surrender (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p>An <b>unconditional surrender</b> is a <a href="Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> in which no guarantees, reassurances, or promises (i.e., conditions) are given to the surrendering party. It is often demanded with the threat of complete destruction, extermination or annihilation.

</p><p>Announcing that only unconditional surrender is acceptable puts psychological pressure on a weaker adversary, but it may also prolong hostilities. A party typically only demands unconditional surrender when it has a significant advantage over their adversaries, when victory is thought to be inevitable.

</p><p>In modern times, unconditional surrenders most often include guarantees provided by <a href="International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. In some cases, surrender is truly accepted unconditionally; while in other cases terms are offered and accepted, but forces are declared to be subject to "unconditional surrender" for symbolic purposes. This type of surrender may also be accepted by the surrendering party under the expectation of guarantees agreed to informally.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Qurayza_during_Muhammad's_era">Banu Qurayza during Muhammad's era</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></div>

<p>After the <a href="Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>, in which the Muslims tactically overcame their opponents while suffering very few casualties, efforts to defeat the Muslims failed, and <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> became influential in the region. As a consequence, the Muslim army besieged the neighbourhood of the <a href="Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="Siege_of_the_Banu_Qurayza" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza tribe</a>, leading to their unconditional surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt,_pp._167–174_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt,_pp._167–174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the men, apart from a few who converted to <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, were executed, while the women and children were <a href="Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">enslaved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramadan140_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramadan140-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._81_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._81-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lings229_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lings229-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historicity of the incident has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</h3></div>

<p>When <a href="Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> escaped from his enforced exile on the island of <a href="Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, one of the steps that the delegates of the European powers at the <a href="Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> took was to issue a statement on 13 March 1815 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="extiw external" title="s:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna">declaring Napoleon Bonaparte</a> to be an outlaw. The text includes the following paragraphs:

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<p>By thus breaking <a href="Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">the convention</a> which had established him in the island of Elba, Bonaparte destroys the only legal title on which his existence depended, and by appearing again in France, with projects of confusion and disorder, he has deprived himself of the protection of the law, and has manifested to the universe that there can be neither peace nor truce with him.

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The powers consequently declare, that Napoleon Bonaparte has placed himself without the pale of civil and social relations; and that, as an enemy and disturber of the tranquillity of the world, he has rendered himself liable to public vengeance.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Plenipotentiaries of the high powers who signed the <a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris (1814)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>Consequently, as Napoleon was considered an <a href="Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> when he surrendered to <a href="Frederick_Lewis_Maitland_(Rear_Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lewis Maitland (Rear Admiral)">Captain Maitland</a> of <a href="HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)" title="HMS Bellerophon (1786)">HMS <i>Bellerophon</i></a> at the end of the <a href="Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>, he was not protected by military law or international law as a head of state and so the British were under no legal obligation to either accept his surrender or to spare his life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they did so to prevent him from being a <a href="Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> and exiled him to the remote <a href="South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a> island of <a href="Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3></div>

<p>The most famous early use of the phrase in the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> occurred during the 1862 <a href="Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Battle of Fort Donelson</a>. <a href="Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> of the <a href="Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> received a request for terms from <a href="Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate</a> Brigadier General <a href="Simon_Bolivar_Buckner_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner Sr.">Simon Bolivar Buckner Sr.</a>, the fort's commanding officer. Grant's reply was that "no terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works." When news of Grant's victory, one of the Union's first in the war, was received in <a href="Washington%2C_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, newspapers remarked (and <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> endorsed) that Grant's first two initials, "U.S.," stood for "Unconditional Surrender," which would later become his nickname.

</p><p>However, subsequent surrenders to Grant were not unconditional. When <a href="Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> surrendered his <a href="Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> at <a href="Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a> in 1865, Grant agreed to allow the men under Lee's command to go home under parole and to keep sidearms and private horses. Generous terms were also offered to <a href="John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a> at <a href="Battle_of_Vicksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a> and, by Grant's subordinate, <a href="William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, to <a href="Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> in <a href="North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Grant was not the first officer in the Civil War to use the phrase. The first instance came some days earlier, when Confederate Brigadier General <a href="Lloyd_Tilghman" title="Lloyd Tilghman">Lloyd Tilghman</a> asked for terms of surrender during the <a href="Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Battle of Fort Henry</a>. Flag Officer <a href="Andrew_H._Foote" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew H. Foote">Andrew H. Foote</a> replied, "no sir, your surrender will be unconditional." Even at Fort Donelson, earlier in the day, a Confederate messenger approached Brigadier General <a href="Charles_Ferguson_Smith" title="Charles Ferguson Smith">Charles Ferguson Smith</a>, Grant's subordinate, for terms of surrender, and Smith stated, "I'll have no terms with Rebels with guns in their hands, my terms are unconditional and immediate surrender." The messenger was passed along to Grant, but there is no evidence that either Foote or Smith influenced Grant's choice of words.

</p><p>In 1863, <a href="Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> forced an unconditional <a href="Battle_of_the_Cumberland_Gap_(1863)" title="Battle of the Cumberland Gap (1863)">surrender of the Cumberland Gap</a> and 2,300 Confederate soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1864, Union General <a href="Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a> forced an unconditional surrender of <a href="Fort_Morgan_(Alabama)" title="Fort Morgan (Alabama)">Fort Morgan</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a> and <a href="Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a></div>

<p>The use of the term was revived during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> at the <a href="Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> in January 1943 when American President <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> stated it to the press as the objective of the war against the Axis Powers of <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. When Roosevelt made the announcement at Casablanca, he referred to General Grant's use of the term during the American Civil War.

</p><p>The term was also used in the <a href="Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> issued to Japan on July 26, 1945. Near the end of the declaration, it said, "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces" and warned that the alternative was "prompt and utter destruction."

</p><p>It has been claimed that it prolonged the war in Europe by its usefulness to <a href="Themes_in_Nazi_propaganda#War" title="Themes in Nazi propaganda">German domestic propaganda</a>, which used it to encourage further resistance against the Allied armies, and by its suppressive effect on the <a href="German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance</a> movement since even after a coup against <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>:

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<blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "those Germans – and particularly those German generals – who might have been ready to throw Hitler over, and were able to do so, were discouraged from making the attempt by their inability to extract from the Allies any sort of assurance that such action would improve the treatment meted out to their country."<sup id="cite_ref-balfour1970_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balfour1970-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> It has also been argued that without the demand for unconditional surrender, <a href="Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> might not have fallen behind the <a href="Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-balfour1970_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balfour1970-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It was a policy that the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> accepted with alacrity, probably because a completely destroyed Germany would facilitate Russia's postwar expansion program."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been claimed to have prolonged the war with Japan or to be a cause of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (see <a href="Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>).

</p><p>One reason for the policy was that the Allies wished to avoid a repetition of the <a href="Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>, which had arisen in Germany after <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and attributed Germany's loss to betrayal by Jews, Bolsheviks, and Socialists, as well as the fact that the war ended before the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> had reached Germany. The myth was used by the Nazis in their propaganda. An unconditional surrender was felt to ensure that the Germans knew that they had lost the war themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh_War_of_Independence">Bangladesh War of Independence</h3></div>

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<p>On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen <a href="A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a>, <a href="Commanding_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding Officer">CO</a> of Pakistan Armed Forces located in <a href="East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) signed the <a href="Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">Instrument of Surrender</a> handing over the command of his forces stationed in East Pakistan to the Indian Army under <a href="Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">General Jagjit Singh Aurora</a>. This led to the surrender of 93,000 personnel including families of the Pakistan's East Command and cessation of hostilities between the Pakistani Armed Forces and the Indian Armed Forces along with the guerrilla forces, the <a href="Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>.

</p><p>The signing of this unconditional surrender document gave <a href="Geneva_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva convention">Geneva Convention</a> guarantees for the safety of the surrendered soldiers and completed the <a href="Bangladesh_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh War of Independence">independence of Bangladesh</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan_War">Afghanistan War</h3></div>

<p>On <a href="Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">15 August 2021</a>, the government of the <a href="Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a> unconditionally surrendered to the <a href="Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14_September_2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14_September_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unconditional surrender brought an end to the <a href="War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">conflict</a> and allowed the Taliban to take over Afghanistan and establish their government in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_at_discretion">Surrender at discretion</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a>, the demand for the garrison to surrender unconditionally to the besiegers is traditionally phrased as "surrender at discretion." If there are negotiations with mutually agreed conditions, the garrison is said to have "surrendered on terms."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example was at the <a href="Siege_of_Stirling_Castle_(1746)" title="Siege of Stirling Castle (1746)">Siege of Stirling</a>, during the 1745 <a href="Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite Rebellion</a>:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="Bonnie_Prince_Charlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Prince Charlie">Charles</a>, thereupon, sent a verbal message to the magistrates, requiring them instantly to surrender the town; but, at their solicitation, they obtained till ten o'clock next day to make up their minds. The message was taken into consideration at a public meeting of the inhabitants, and anxiously debated. The majority having come to the resolution that it was impossible to defend the town with the handful of men within, two deputies were sent to <a href="Bannockburn" title="Bannockburn">Bannockburn</a>, the headquarters of the Highland army, who offered to surrender to terms; stating that, rather than surrender at discretion, as required, they would defend the town to the last extremity. After a negotiation, which occupied the greater part of Tuesday, the following terms of capitulation were agreed upon:...<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Surrender at discretion was also used at the <a href="Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>, when <a href="Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> asked <a href="Jim_Bowie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Bowie">Jim Bowie</a> and <a href="William_B._Travis" title="William B. Travis">William B. Travis</a> for unconditional surrender. Even though Bowie wished to surrender unconditionally, Travis refused, fired a cannon at Santa Anna's army, and wrote in his final dispatches:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion otherwise the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is taken – I have answered their demand with a cannon shot, and our flag still waves proudly from the walls – I shall never surrender or retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>The phrase surrender at discretion is still used in treaties. For example, the <a href="Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>, in force since July 1, 2002, specifies under "Article 8 war crimes, Paragraph 2.b:"

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:

</p><blockquote>

<p>...

</p><p>

(vi) Killing or wounding a combatant who, having laid down his arms or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></blockquote>

<p>The wording in the Rome Statute is taken almost word for word from Article 23 of the 1907 <a href="Hague_Conventions_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1907)">IV Hague Convention</a> <i>The Laws and Customs of War on Land</i>: "...it is especially forbidden – ... To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his arms, or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is part of the customary <a href="Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">Surrender (military)</a></li>

<li><a href="Debellatio" title="Debellatio">Debellatio</a> designates the end of a war caused by complete destruction of a hostile state.</li>

<li><a href="Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li>

<li>Giving <a href="No_quarter" title="No quarter">no quarter</a>, refusal by the victor to spare the lives of surrendered foes</li>

<li><a href="Suing_for_peace" title="Suing for peace">Suing for peace</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Watt,_pp._167–174-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watt,_pp._167–174_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman</i>, pp. 167–174.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Peterson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson, <i>Muhammad: the prophet of God</i>, pp. 125–127.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ramadan140-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramadan140_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramadan, <i>In the Footsteps of the Prophet</i>, pp. 140f.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodgson, <i>The Venture of Islam</i>, vol. 1, p. 191.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._81-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._81_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>A New Introduction to Islam</i>, p. 81.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lings229-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lings229_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lings, <i>Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources</i>, pp. 229–233.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For details and references see <a href="Banu_Qurayza#Doubts_about_the_historicity_of_the_event" title="Banu Qurayza">discussion</a> in <a href="Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">main article</a>. </span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBaines1818" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Edward (1818). <i>History of the Wars of the French Revolution, from the breaking out of the wars in 1792, to, the restoration of general peace in 1815 (of II)</i>. Vol. II. Longman, Rees, Orme and Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMxLAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA433">433</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1823" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, John (1823). "Character of Bonaparte". In Urban, Sylvanus (ed.). <i>The Gentleman's magazine (part 1)</i>. 16th of the New Series. Vol. 93. F. Jefferies. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAEVHuU8IxIC&pg=PA596">569</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silkenat, David. <i>Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4696-4972-6</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0052%2F&tif=00509.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0052">Burnside's Official Report</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-balfour1970-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balfour1970_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-balfour1970_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Balfour, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2614534">Another Look at 'Unconditional Surrender'"</a>, <i>International Affairs</i> (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944–), Vol. 46, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pp. 719–736</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deane, John R. 1947. The Strange Alliance, The Story of our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia. The Viking Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1954" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1954). <i>The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918–1945</i>. London: Macmillan. p. 559.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/fall-of-afghanistan-taliban-seek-unconditional-surrender-at-palace/2FT2AHXOGNJV4EB3INLKCN3NCU/">"Fall of Afghanistan: Taliban seek unconditional surrender at palace"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 15 August 2021.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14_September_2021-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14_September_2021_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Hernandez" class="citation web cs1">Gabriel Hernandez, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/blinken-on-afghanistan-withdrawal-we-inherited-a-deadline-not-plan/2363913">"Blinken on Afghanistan withdrawal: 'We inherited a deadline,' not plan"</a>. <i>www.aa.com.tr</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock2021" class="citation news cs1">Whitlock, Craig (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/afghan-security-forces-capabilities/2021/08/15/052a45e2-fdc7-11eb-a664-4f6de3e17ff0_story.html">"Afghan security forces' wholesale collapse was years in the making"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <q>Those fears, rarely expressed in public, were ultimately borne out by the sudden collapse this month of the Afghan security forces, whose wholesale and unconditional surrender to the Taliban will go down as perhaps the worst debacle in the history</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thequint.com/news/world/taliban-takeover-of-afghanistan-live-updates">"Taliban Seizes Power, Says 'War is Over'; President Ghani Flees Afghanistan"</a>. <i>TheQuint</i>. 14 August 2021.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1992" class="citation cs2">Bradbury, Jim (1992), <i>The Medieval Siege</i>, Boydell & Brewer, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKFRvUiLEQYC&pg=PA325">325</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85115-357-5</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012" class="citation cs2">Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew (2012), <i>How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender</i>, Oxford University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gh6VIodYxNMC&pg=PA107">107</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-969362-7</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/history/charles/49.htm">Prince Charles at Glasgow and surrender of Stirling</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricscotland.com/">electricscotland.com</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLord1978" class="citation cs2">Lord, Walter (1978), <i>A Time to Stand: The Epic of the Alamo</i>, U of Nebraska Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_CY1o6aihIC&pg=PA14">14</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8032-7902-5</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court#Article_8_–_War_crimes" class="extiw external" title="s:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">s:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article 8 – War crimes</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Hague_Conventions_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1907)">IV Hague Convention</a> <i>The Laws and Customs of War on Land</i> October 18, 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm#art23">Article 23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525082008/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm#art23">Archived</a> 2015-05-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg War Trial</a> judgment on <i>The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity</i> held, "The rules of land warfare expressed in the [Hague Convention of 1907] undoubtedly represented an advance over existing international law at the time of their adoption. But the Convention expressly stated that it was an attempt 'to revise the general laws and customs of war,' which it thus recognised to be then existing, but by 1939 these rules laid down in the Convention were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war....", (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judlawre.asp">Judgement: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity</a> contained in the <a href="Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a> archive at <a href="Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>).</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517235645/http://www.law.ou.edu/ushistory/germsurr.shtml">German Surrender Documents of WWII</a> (US Historical Documents)</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Unconditional_surrender&oldid=1301107718">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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